About the book: 2020 / The collection presents articles by participants in the XXVI International Symposium "Paths of Russia. Populism and populism”, held on September 27-28, 2019. The authors focus on the return of the people to the socio-political scene, be it in the form of new mass movements or a source of legitimacy for interventions, nationalist politicians and resistance to international institutions. The Russian political tradition of populism provides one of the most important examples of democratic activation of the masses. It also provided a starting point for thinking about the structural and moral relations between the people and the intellectual class. Today's resurgence of populism once again raises the question for intellectuals in Russia, Europe, North and Latin America about their political role: should they defend existing institutions with the elites or become the voice of the people? What should we expect from populist movements in the world and in Russia? What could be the place of the people in modern politics and how much does it depend on intellectuals? Can the energy of populism inspire a new internationalist project? How are the boundaries of a people defined and how is inclusion and exclusion effected? These and other questions became the subject of discussion among the symposium participants. The publishing layout is saved in a4.pdf format.